Publication

This paper shares the results of an ECFR survey on 1) the makeup of anti-establishment parties in several EU states, and 2) how these parties view foreign policy and the European project. In the last case, the text’s authors contend that despite their seeming difference, the parties do have common traits – i.e., 1) skepticism about the EU; 2) a common resentment towards the United States; 3) overt sympathy towards Vladimir Putin’s Russia; 4) a preference for closed borders, low migration, and protected trade; and above all, 5) the pursuit of direct democracy.