The emergence of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is attracting significant attention from both governments and scholars. Based on fieldwork interviews with officials and experts from its memberstates, this study examines the evolution of the SCO as a regional security provider and a framework for cooperation. In doing so, it challenges current predominant interpretations of the SCO, which portray it as an anti-Western alliance. Instead, the author suggests that the SCO is focused on addressing intra-regional transnational security challenges perceived as a threat to regime security by its member-states' leaderships. It is also argued that the SCO's loose and non-binding framework for cooperation is proving relatively successful and appropriate for its regional context. On this basis, the book contributes to the development of theory on regionalism beyond the West, emphasizing the importance of investigating regional organizations within their regional context.