Publication

This paper argues that ten years after Al Qaeda conducted its most lethal operation in New York and Washington on 11 September 2001, it had mutated into a movement that no longer resembled what it started as. From a hierarchical and centralized group, led by Osama Bin Laden and Ayman al Dhawahiri, it had become a regionalized and decentralized organization with several competing leaders following the death of Bin Laden in May 2011.