Publication

This report explores the specific features of enclave economies, focusing on the Russian Kaliningrad region. The paper argues that economic openness is a prerequisite for an enclave’s prosperity and the enclave should develop a multi-vectored orientation toward both the Russian market and the EU market, complementing industrial specialization targeting the mainland with new features. Moreover, as economic integration has significant positive effects on enclaves, the future of Kaliningrad’s regional economy and its specialization is profoundly connected to Russian–EU relations and the prospects for their economic cooperation.