Publication

This report offers an assessment of multilateral European democracy promotion efforts in the Middle East. The author argues that, by and large, the EU (like the US) has not translated its calls for the promotion of democracy and human rights into concrete action. She attributes this failure to a variety of reasons, including differing interests among EU members and the great reluctance of EU members to use conditionality. She recommends sustained trans-Atlantic cooperation to promote democratic reform in the Middle East.