When Does a ‘Cyber Attack’ Demand Retaliation? NATO Broadens Its View
Author(s): Stefan Soesanto
Series: Ideas
Publisher(s): Defense One
Publication Year: 2021
According to paragraph 32 of the NATO Brussels Communique, allies now recognize that “the impact of significant malicious cumulative cyber activities might, in certain circumstances, be considered as amounting to an armed attack.” What does the inclusion of the word 'cumulative' change? What falls into this accumulation? CSS’ Stefan Soesanto’s commentary for Defense One sheds some light on these questions.