Publication

This paper argues that the EU constitution should keep the system of 'institutional isomorphism' (no variable geometry in the European Parliament or the Commission). Nevertheless, participating member states should be allowed to decide, acting unanimously, that enhanced cooperation shall be governed by qualified majority instead of unanimity and/or by co-decision procedure. The treaty should further introduce the possibility to differentiate between the 'pre-in' (member states willing to participate but unable to do so from the start) and the 'out' (member states unwilling to participate).