Publication

The paper highlights the increasing importance of geopolitical, commercial and military competition as the driver of foreign military deployments to the Horn of Africa region. More specifically, it highlights four distinct external security factors that have built up in the region during the post-cold war period, and which now coexist and overlap: 1) support for African regional and international multilateral actions; 2) efforts to combat non-traditional security threats; 3) the expansion of the Gulf and Middle Eastern security space into the Horn region, and 4) the integration of the Horn region into Indo-Pacific security dynamics.