Publication

This paper accomplishes what its title suggests. The five possible futures include 1) feeble “bonsai armies” (the consequence of continued EU reductions in defense spending); 2) defense clusters – (the result of EU members simply following through with their recently stated defense goals); 3) peace operations (a multidimensional European force that focuses on this activity; 4) European NATO – (a transatlantic alliance where the US remains the undisputed center of European defense collaboration); and 5) a European army (that is, a genuinely collaborative supranational defense force).