Publication

The paper examines the state of the Egyptian economy before the reform era and the policies implemented as part of the country's economic reform programs. In exploring the extent and limits of these programs, the paper highlights the different parties affected, including the winners and losers as well as the supporters and opponents of reform. The author demonstrates that Egypt needs to make a greater investment in building efficient, transparent, and dynamic institutions in the public and private sectors, and in civil society, to more effectively coordinate economic reform with a wider scope of ownership and stronger ties to social policies.