Publication

This paper assesses the effectiveness of the EU's weapon of mass destruction (WMD) clause since its adoption in 2003. The author states that the purpose of the clause is to raise the profile of non-proliferation in the EU; to use the EU’s standing in trade and bilateral cooperation to make it a more credible partner in nonproliferation; and to ultimately enhance international participation and compliance with non-proliferation regimes. When measured against this criteria, she argues, the clause has had very little impact and little value.